Big Tech and Antitrust: Rethinking Competition Policy for the Digital Era

The rising power of Big Tech firms has brought antitrust and competition laws to the attention of policymakers around the world. What are the economic, political, and social effects of corporate concentration? Are low prices a sufficient justification for broad horizontal and vertical integration? Do “natural” digital monopolies require us to rethink antitrust guidelines that date back to the era of Standard Oil?

Chancellor Helmut Kohl’s speech and German reunification

Six weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, Helmut Kohl went to Dresden. The enthusiastic reception he received there acted as a catalyst for a rapid German reunification. The speech Kohl gave there was the most difficult and probably most important speech of his life.

Peter Limbourg will never forget December 19, 1989. That’s when, as a young television correspondent reporting on the historic events surrounding the fall of the Berlin Wall, he went to Dresden, where the West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl was to meet with the de facto East German leader Hans Modrow to stabilize the situation in the communist state. But shortly after his arrival, it became clear that the thousands of East Germans lining the streets and giving him an enthusiastic welcome were in no mood for lengthy negotiations. They wanted a united Germany — and as fast as possible. Until then, Kohl had thought it would take at least three or four years to bring the two Germanies together, but this day in Dresden made him realize that everything could go much faster. His spontaneous speech in Dresden turned into a rhetorical tightrope act. He knew he couldn’t disappoint the East Germans nor snub the four Allied Powers, and that “Any slip of the tongue would have been immediately interpreted in Paris, London or Moscow” as sign of nationalism. Thirty years later, Limbourg goes back to Dresden and talks to the political leaders of the time and to the citizens of Dresden who, like himself, witnessed that historic moment.